How many clovis sites

Goodyear, and Ashley M. Bruce B. Huckell and J. Todd A. Surovell and Nicole M. Kenneth B. Michael Barton, Geoffrey A. Clark, David R. Yesner, and Georges A. Pearson Tucson: University of Arizona Press, Michael R. Waters and Thomas W. Stafford, Jr. Kelly E. Graf, Caroline V. Ketron, and Michael R. Waters, eds. Ashley M. Smallwood and Thomas A. Jennings, eds. You are here Home. Clovis and Folsom projectile points. Clovis left and Folsom right fluted projectile points from the Dent and Lindenmeier sites, northern Colorado Plains.

Body Full Article The term Clovis refers to the earliest widespread archaeological culture to have occupied North and Central America, ca. Background In Regis College geology professor Father Conrad Bilgery began excavating the Dent site located just south of Greeley , recovering numerous mammoth bones and a large fluted projectile point. Clovis Tool Kit Although the distinctive Clovis projectile point is the most commonly recovered and best-known component of the Clovis tool kit, Clovis hunter-gatherers manufactured a wide variety of implements.

Clovis Sites Clovis-era sites include kill sites, camps, caches, a human burial, and many isolated occurrences of Clovis projectile points. For their study, the researchers reevaluated materials from all known Clovis sites. A number of archaeological sites in South America have yielded the same dates. Share Tweet Email. Read This Next Wild parakeets have taken a liking to London. Animals Wild Cities Wild parakeets have taken a liking to London Love them or hate them, there's no denying their growing numbers have added an explosion of color to the city's streets.

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Archaeologist W. Carl Hutchings conducted experiments and compared impact fractures to those found in the archaeological record. He noted that at least some of the fluted points have fractures that had to have been made by high-velocity actions: that is, they were likely fired using spear throwers atlatls. Since the first unequivocal discovery of Clovis points in direct association with an extinct elephant, scholars have assumed that Clovis people were "big game hunters", and the earliest and likely last people in the Americas to rely on megafauna large bodied mammals as prey.

Clovis culture was, for awhile, blamed for the late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions , an accusation that no longer can be leveled. Although there is evidence in the form of single and multiple kill sites where Clovis hunters killed and butchered large-bodied animals such as mammoth and mastodon , horse, camelops, and gomphothere , there is growing evidence that although Clovis were primarily hunters, they didn't rely solely on or even largely on megafauna.

Single-event kills simply don't reflect the diversity of foods that would have been used. Using rigorous analytical techniques, Grayson and Meltzer could only find 15 Clovis sites in North America with irrefutable evidence for human predation on megafauna.

A blood residue study on the Mehaffy Clovis cache Colorado found evidence for predation on extinct horse, bison, and elephant, but also birds, deer and reindeer , bears, coyote, beaver, rabbit, bighorn sheep and pigs javelina. Scholars today suggest that like other hunters, although larger prey might have been preferred because of greater food return rates when the large prey wasn't available they relied on a much broader diversity of resources with an occasional big kill.

Five types of Clovis sites have been found: camp sites; single event kill sites; multiple-event kill sites; cache sites; and isolated finds. There are only a few campsites, where Clovis points are found in association with hearths : those include Gault in Texas and Anzick in Montana.

The only known Clovis burial found to date is at Anzick, where an infant skeleton covered in red ochre was found in association with stone tools and 15 bone tool fragments, and radiocarbon dated between 12,, cal BP.

There is some evidence for ritual behavior beyond that involved with making Clovis points. Incised stones have been found at Gault and other Clovis sites; pendants and beads of shell, bone, stone, hematite and calcium carbonate have been recovered at Blackwater Draw, Lindenmeier, Mockingbird Gap, and Wilson-Leonard sites. Engraved bone and ivory, including beveled ivory rods; and the use of red ochre found at the Anzick burials as well as placed on animal bone are also suggestive of ceremonialism.

There are also some currently undated rock art sites at Upper Sand Island in Utah which depict extinct fauna including mammoth and bison and may be associated with Clovis; and there are others as well: geometric designs in Winnemucca basin in Nevada and carved abstractions. The end of the big game hunting strategy used by Clovis appears to have occurred very abruptly, connected with the climate changes associated with the onset of the Younger Dryas.

The reasons for the end of big game hunting is, of course, the end of big game: most of the megafauna disappeared about the same time. Scholars are divided about why the big fauna disappeared, although currently, they are leaning towards a natural disaster combined with climate change that killed off all the large animals.

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